1.1 Pengertian Etika
Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia
terbitan Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (1998) merumuskan pengertian
etika dalam tiga arti sebagai berikut:
2. Kumpulan
asas atau nilai yang berkenaan dengan akhlak.
3. Nilai
mengenai benar dan salah yang dianut masyarakat.
Menurut
Profesor Robert Saloman, Etika dapat dikelompokkan menjadi dua definisi yaitu:
Etika merupakan karakter individu, dalam
hal ini termasuk bahwa orang yang beretika adalah orang yang baik. Pengertian
ini disebut pemahaman manusia sebagai individu yang beretika.
Etika merupakan hukum sosial. Etika
merupakan hukum yang mengatur, mengendalikan serta membatasi perilaku manusia.
Pelanggaran Etika
Etika sebagai sebuah nilai yang menjadi
pegangan seseorang atau suatu kelompok dalam mengatur tingkah laku di dalam
kehidupan kelompok tersebut, tentunya tidak akan terlepas dari
tindakan-tindakan tidak etis. Tindakan tidak etis yang dimaksudkan di sini adalah
tindakan melanggar etika yang berlaku dalam lingkungan kehidupan tersebut.
Hal-hal yang menyebabkan terjadinya tindakan-tindakan tidak etis dalam sebuah
perusahaan menurut Jan Hoesada (2002) adalah:
Kebutuhan
Individu.
Kebutuhan individu merupakan faktor utama
penyebab terjadinya tindakan-tindakan tidak etis. Contohnya, seseorang bisa
saja melakukan korupsi untuk mencapai kebutuhan pribadi dalam kehidupannya.
Sebuah keinginan yang tidak terpenuhi itulah yang memancing individu melakukan
tindakan-tindakan yang tidak etis.
Tidak
ada pedoman
Tindakan tidak etis bisa saja muncul
karena tidak adanya pedoman atau prosedur-prosedur yang baku tentang bagaimana
melakukan sesuatu.
Perilaku
dan kebiasaan individu
Tindakan tidak etis juga bisa muncul
karena perilaku dan kebiasaan individu, tanpa memperhatikan faktor lingkungan
di mana individu tersebut berada.
Lingkunga
tidak etis
Suatu lingkungan dapat mempengaruhi orang
lain yang berada dalam lingkungan tersebut untuk melakukan hal serupa.
Lingkungan tidak etis ini terkait pada teori psikologi sosial, di mana anggota
mencari konformitas dengan lingkungan dan kepercayaan pada kelompok.
Perilaku
atasan
Jika atasan yang terbiasa melakukan
tindakan tidak etis, dapat mempengaruhi orang-orang yang berada dalam lingkup pekerjaannya
untuk melakukan hal serupa. Hal itu terjadi karena dalam kehidupan sosial
sering kali berlaku pedoman tidak tertulis bahwa apa yang dilakukan atasan akan
menjadi contoh bagi anak buahnya.
Modus-modus kejahatan dalam teknologi
informasi pun sering muncul. Kebutuhan akan teknologi Jaringan Komputer semakin
meningkat. Selain sebagai media penyedia informasi, melalui Internet pula
kegiatan komunitas komersial menjadi bagian terbesar, dan terpesat
pertumbuhannya serta menembus berbagai batas negara. Melalui dunia internet
atau disebut juga cyberspace, apapun dapat dilakukan. Segi positif dari dunia
maya ini tentu saja menambah trend perkembangan teknologi dunia dengan segala
bentuk kreatifitas manusia. Namun dampak negatif pun tidak bisa dihindari.
Tatkala pornografi marak di media Internet, masyarakat pun tak bisa berbuat
banyak.
Adapun kejahatan dalam dunia internet
yaitu "CyberCrime". Munculnya beberapa kasus "CyberCrime"
di Indonesia, seperti pencurian kartu kredit, hacking beberapa situs, menyadap
transmisi data orang lain, misalnya email, dan memanipulasi data dengan cara
menyiapkan perintah yang tidak dikehendaki ke dalam programmer komputer. Adanya
CyberCrime telah menjadi ancaman stabilitas, sehingga pemerintah sulit
mengimbangi teknik kejahatan yang dilakukan dengan teknologi komputer,
khususnya jaringan internet dan intranet. Cybercrime merupakan bentuk-bentuk
kejahatan yang timbul karena pemanfaatan teknologi internet. Untuk mecegah
terjadinya Cybercrime perlunya dukungan lembaga khusus, baik milik pemerintah
maupun NGO (Non Government Organization), diperlukan sebagai upaya
penanggulangan kejahatan di internet. Amerika Serikat memiliki komputer Crime
and Intellectual Property Section (CCIPS) sebagai sebuah divisi khusus dari
U.S. Departement of Justice. Institusi ini memberikan informasi tentang
cybercrime, melakukan sosialisasi secara intensif kepada masyarakat, serta
melakukan riset-riset khusus dalam penanggulangan cybercrime. Indonesia sendiri
sebenarnya sudah memiliki IDCERT (Indonesia Computer Emergency Rensponse Team).
Unit ini merupakan point of contact bagi orang untuk melaporkan masalah-masalah
keamanan komputer.
1.2 Profesi
Profesi adalah kata serapan dari sebuah
kata dalam bahasa Inggris "Profess", yang dalam bahasa Yunani adalah
"Επαγγελια", yang bermakna: "Janji untuk memenuhi kewajiban
melakukan suatu tugas khusus secara tetap/permanen".
Profesi juga sebagai pekerjaan yang
membutuhkan pelatihan dan penguasaan terhadap suatu pengetahuan khusus. Suatu
profesi biasanya memiliki asosiasi profesi, kode etik, serta proses sertifikasi
dan lisensi yang khusus untuk bidang profesi tersebut. Contoh profesi adalah
pada bidang hukum, kesehatan, keuangan, militer, teknik desainer, tenaga
pendidik.
Seseorang yang berkompeten di suatu profesi
tertentu, disebut profesional. Walau demikian, istilah profesional juga
digunakan untuk suatu aktivitas yang menerima bayaran, sebagai lawan kata dari
amatir. Contohnya adalah petinju profesional menerima bayaran untuk
pertandingan tinju yang dilakukannya, sementara olahraga tinju sendiri umumnya
tidak dianggap sebagai suatu profesi.
1.3 CIRI
KHAS PROFESI
Menurut Artikel dalam International
Encyclopedia of education, ada 10 ciri khas suatu profesi, yaitu:
1. Suatu
bidang pekerjaan yang terorganisir dari jenis intelektual yang terus berkembang
dan diperluas.
2. Suatu
teknik intelektual.
3. Penerapan
praktis dari teknik intelektual pada urusan praktis.
4. Suatu
periode panjang untuk pelatihan dan sertifikasi.
5. Beberapa
standar dan pernyataan tentang etika yang dapat diselenggarakan.
6. Kemampuan
untuk kepemimpinan pada profesi sendiri.
7. Asosiasi
dari anggota profesi yang menjadi suatu kelompok yang erat dengankualitas
komunikasi. yang tinggi antar anggotanya.
8. Pengakuan
sebagai profesi.
9. Perhatian
yang profesional terhadap penggunaan yang bertanggung jawab dari pekerjaan
profesi.
10. Hubungan
yang erat dengan profesi lain.
Lanjut Materi II ( Profesi dan Profesionalisme ) :
Sumber
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